The era before the introduction of computer software are classified into two eras, namely:
1. Primitive era (± 300 BC) on which the software is made by performing simple instructions by using code similar motion semaphore.
2. Mechanical Era (1840-1930’s) that apply to the use of equipment and machinery Analytical Engine punch cards.

While the era after the introduction of computer software which means using electronic technology, is divided into pioneer era, the era of stable, micro era, and the modern era.

Pioneer Era (1940-1960) is still a form of software-cable connection to the connection between the computer and the form of punch cards (plong). Another characteristic of the pioneers of this era is still using a clustered process (batch), limited distribution, and manufactured for special purposes.

Stable Era (1960-1980) has been mass-produced computers and software can perform some functions of the control group (multitasking). Another feature that can be used to solve many users (multiuser) quickly and directly (real time), software products can be used separately, have been using the system database.

Micro Era (1980-1990) produced software for your computer needs a network (networking) and dispersed (distributed), it’s cheap so widely used for personal needs (home), is automation for artificial intelligence (artificial intelligent).

Modern Era (1990 -now) Has the characteristics of multimedia-based software, desktop and portable, object technology, expert systems, parallel processing, and can communicate with a global network.

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Back Door
Self-replicating: no
Population growth: zero
Parasitic: possibly

A back door is any mechanism which bypasses a normal security check. Programmers sometimes create back doors for legitimate reasons, such as skipping a time-consuming authentication process when debugging a network server. As with logic bombs, back doors can be placed into legitimate code or be standalone programs.

One special kind of back door is a RAT, which stands for Remote Administration Tool or Remote Access Trojan, depending on who’s asked. These programs allow a computer to be monitored and controlled remotely; users may deliberately install these to access a work computer from home, or to allow help desk staff to diagnose and fix a computer problem from afar. However, if malware surreptitiously installs a RAT on a computer, then it opens up a back door into that machine.

Virus
Self-replicating: yes
Population growth: positive
Parasitic: yes

A virus is malware that, when executed, tries to replicate itself into other executable code; when it succeeds, the code is said to be infected? The infected code, when run, can infect new code in turn. This self-replication into existing executable code is the key defining characteristic of a virus. When faced with more than one virus to describe, a rather silly problem arises. There’s no agreement on the plural form of “virus.” The two leading contenders are “viruses” and “virii;” the latter form is often used by virus writers themselves, but it’s rare to see this used in the security community, who prefer “viruses.”

Viruses can be caught in various stages of self-replication. A germ is the original form of a virus, prior to any replication. A virus which fails to replicate is called an intended. This may occur as a result of bugs in the virus, or encountering an unexpected version of an operating system. A virus can be dormant, where it is present but not yet infecting anything.

Worm
Self-replicating: yes
Population growth: positive
Parasitic: no

A worm shares several characteristics with a virus. The most important characteristic is that worms are self-replicating too, but self-replication of a worm is distinct in two ways. First, worms are standalone, and do not rely on other executable code. Second, worms spread from machine to machine across networks.

A watershed event for the Internet happened on November 2, 1988, when a worm incapacitated the fledgling Internet. This worm is now called the Internet worm, or the Morris worm after its creator, Robert Morris, Jr. At the time, Morris had just started a Ph.D. at Cornell University. He had been intending for his worm to propagate slowly and unobtrusively, but what happened was just the opposite. Morris was later convicted for his worm’s unauthorized computer access and the costs incurred to clean up from it. He was fined, and sentenced to probation and community service.

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The list below offers tips on what you should do:
• Have real users test your software product. You may think you have created an easy-to-use intuitive piece of software, yet in the end it is not you who decides this. If you plan on selling software online successfully, you need to have real people test it to see how quick they understand how it works and learn how to use it. Not to mention their help in squashing the bugs you might have never noticed on your own, thus making your product as error free as possible.
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• Provide an accurate description of the software product. You need a clear and short description of what the software is and what it is used for, so that people can see whether they need it or not. Additional details should be provided somewhere else for those who really wish to know more.
• Make screen shots available. They say a picture makes a thousand words, so screen shots are a very helpful tool when selling software online. The screen shots tell the users if the software product has a well designed interface and let them get a good look at the menu bars and toolbars, for instance, which helps them quickly assess whether the required functionality is there.
• Use a try before you buy approach. Don’t just say your software is easy to use. If your software product is as easy to use as you say it is, then why not let people see that for themselves? Offer them the option to download of a copy of your software and try it before asking them to pay for it.
• Specify supported OS-es and licensing type. A list of supported operating systems is as necessary when selling software online as when selling it in a box in a traditional store. It has to be put in an easy to spot place for potential customers to find out at a glance whether the product will work on their computers or not. Adding other system requirements would be a good idea, too. Do specify the type of licensing for your software product (i.e. freeware, shareware etc).
• Include a help file and support details. Your software product has to have some documentation explaining users how to use it, be it in form of a help file or an online manual either included with the product or that can be downloaded separately. People also need to know where to reach you in case they need support, so do not forget to include such details (an e-mail address, and maybe a phone number, too).

Letting people see the product (by screen shots) and try it before they buy, providing help files with your software and support when necessary, properly testing it with real users to make sure it is easy to use are the things that you should have on your to-do list if you plan on selling software online and be successful at it.

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In contrast to viruses, computer worms are malicious programs that copy themselves from system to system, rather than infiltrating legitimate files. For example, a mass-mailing email worm is a worm that sends copies of itself via email. A network worm makes copies of itself throughout a network, an Internet worm sends copies of itself via vulnerable computers on the Internet, and so on.

Trojans, another form of malware, are generally agreed upon as doing something other than the user expected, with that “something” defined as malicious. Most often, Trojans are associated with remote access programs that perform illicit operations such as password-stealing or which allow compromised machines to be used for targeted denial of service attacks. One of the more basic forms of a denial of service (DoS) attack involves flooding a target system with so much data, traffic, or commands that it can no longer perform its core functions. When multiple machines are gathered together to launch such an attack, it is known as a distributed denial of service attack, or DDoS.

While purists draw a firm distinction between viruses, worms, and Trojans, others argue that it is merely a matter of semantics and give the virus moniker to all viruses, worms, and Trojans. The term malware, a.k.a. malicious software, can most easily be used to describe viruses, worms and Trojans while satisfying both arguments.

Malware is an even more appropriate term when one considers spyware, adware, and and browser hijacking techniques that may not fit in any of the aforementioned virus, worm, or Trojan classifications. Thus, malware can be defined as any program, file, or code that performs malicious actions on the target system without the user’s express consent. This is in contrast to Sneakyware, which can best be described as any program, file, or code that the user agrees to run or install without realizing the full implications of that choice. One of the best examples of Sneakyware was Friendly Greetings, a greeting-card trick that exploited users’ willingness to say Yes without reading the licensing agreement. By doing so, they were blindly agreeing to allow the same email to be sent to all contacts listed in their address book.

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Install security patches. Vulnerabilities in software are constantly being discovered and they don’t discriminate by vendor or platform. It’s not simply a matter of updating Windows; at least monthly, check for and apply updates for all software you use.
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Use a firewall. No Internet connection is safe without one. Firewalls are necessary even if you have a dial-up Internet connection – it takes only minutes for a a non-firewalled computer to be infected.

Secure your browser. Many labor under the dangerous misconception that only Internet Explorer is a problem. It’s not the browser you need to be concerned about. Nor is it a matter of simply avoiding certain ‘types’ of sites. Known, legitimate websites are frequently being compromised and implanted with malicious javascript that foists malware onto visitors’ computers. To ensure optimum browsing safety, the best tip is to disable javascript for all but the most essential of sites – such as your banking or regular ecommerce sites. Not only will you enjoy safer browsing, you’ll be able to eliminate unwanted pop-ups as well.

Take control of your email. Avoid opening email attachments received unexpectedly – no matter who appears to have sent it. Remember that most worms and trojan-laden spam try to spoof the sender’s name. And make sure your email client isn’t leaving you open to infection. Reading email in plain text offers important security benefits that more than offset the loss of pretty colored fonts.

Treat IM suspiciously. Instant Messaging is a frequent target of worms and trojans. Treat it just as you would email.

Avoid P2P and distributed filesharing. Torrent, Kazaa, Gnutella, Morpheus and at least a dozen other filesharing networks exist. Most are free. And all are rife with trojans, viruses, worms, adware, spyware, and every other form of malicious code imaginable. There’s no such thing as safe anonymous filesharing. Avoid it like the plague.

Keep abreast of Internet scams. Criminals think of clever ways to separate you from your hard earned cash. Don’t get fooled by emails telling sad stories, or making unsolicited job offers, or promising lotto winnings. Likewise, beware of email masquerading as a security concern from your bank or other eCommerce site.

Don’t fall victim to virus hoaxes. Dire sounding email spreading FUD about non-existent threats serve only to spread needless alarm and may even cause you to delete perfectly legitimate files in response.

Remember, there’s far more good than bad on the Internet. The goal isn’t to be paranoid. The goal is to be cautious, aware, and even suspicious. By following the tips above and becoming actively engaged in your own security, you’ll not only be protecting yourself, you’ll be contributing to the protection and betterment of the Internet as a whole.