There appear to be three overriding purposes to worms in their early incarnations. Some worms, such as the Morris worm, seem to have an element of curiosity in them, suggesting that the authors developed and released their worms simply to “watch them go.” Other worms, like the HI.COM worm, appear to have an element of mischievous fun to them because it spread a joke from “Father Christmas.”

Each of these two are understandable human emotions, especially in early computer hackers. The third intent of worm authors appears to be to spread a political message automatically, as displayed with the WANK worm. For its authors, worms provided an automated way to spread their interests far and wide.

The intentions of worm users in the past several years can also be gathered from the capabilities and designs found in the wild. With the advent of distributed denial of service (DDoS) networks and widespread Web site defacement, worms seem to have taken the manual exploit into automated realms.

Various e-mail viruses have sent private documents out into the public at large, affecting both private individuals and government organizations. Hackers seem to have found that worms can automate their work and create large-scale disruptions.

These intentions are also important to understand as worms become more widespread. An army of DDoS zombies can be used to wage largescale information warfare, for example. Even if the worm is discovered and filters developed to prevent the spread of the worm on some networks, the number of hosts that the worm has affected is typically large enough to create a sizable bot army. This was seen with the Deloder worm, which created armies of tens of thousands of bots that could be used to launch DDoS attacks.

This is considerably more sizable than what would have been achievable by any group of attackers acting traditionally. Even after it was discovered, thousands of compromised hosts remained on the bot network for use. To that end, defenses should be evaluated more rigorously than if the worm were to simply spread a single message or was the product of a curious hacker.

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A behavior blocker is anti-virus software which monitors a running program’s behavior in real time, watching for suspicious activity. If such activity is seen, the behavior blocker can prevent the suspect operations from succeeding, can terminate the program, or can ask the user for the appropriate action to perform. Behavior blockers are sometimes called behavior monitors, but the latter term implies (rightly or wrongly) that no action is taken, and the burglars are only watched while they steal the silver. Products cables for the sound system. Cheap audio cables.

What does a behavior blocker look for? Roughly speaking, a behavior blocker watches for a program to stray from what the blocker considers to be “normal” behavior. Normal behavior can be modeled in three ways, by describing:
1. The actions that are permitted. This is called positive detection,
2. The actions that are not permitted, called negative detection,
3. Some combination of the two, in much the same way that static heuristics included boosters and stoppers.

Behavior blockers can look for short dynamic signatures which are generally indicative of virus-like behavior. Looking at I/O actions, for instance, an appending virus might exhibit a dynamic signature like:
1. Opening an executable, with both read and write permission.
2. Reading the portion of the file header containing the executable’s start address.
3. Writing the same portion of the file header. (The start address can be checked separately for changes consistent with expected viral behavior.)
4. Seeking to the end of the file.
5. Appending to the file.

Finally, there is the question of how long a running program’s behavior should be monitored. The duration of monitoring is a concern because monitoring adds run-time overhead. Assuming most viruses will reveal themselves early when an infected program runs, programs only need to be monitored when they start. However, this assumption is not always valid. In any case, behavior blockers can be enabled and disabled for a running program as needed.

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This is a static analysis technique, meaning that the code being analyzed is not running, and there is no guarantee that any
suspicious code found would ever be executed. Static heuristic analysis is done is two steps:

1. Data
The Gathering. Data can be collected using any number of static heuristics. Whether or not any one heuristic correctly classifies the input is not critical, because the results of many heuristics will be combined and analyzed later.

A scanner can be used to locate short signatures which are generally indicative of suspicious code, called boosters. The presence of a booster
increases the likelihood that the code being analyzed is viral. For example:
• Junk code.
• Decryption loops.
• Self-modifying code.
• Use of undocumented API calls.
• Manipulation of interrupt vectors.
• Use of unusual instructions, especially ones that wouldn’t be generated by a compiler.
• Strings containing obscenities, or obvious cues like the word “virus.”

It is equally important to look for things that are present in “normal” code, things that viruses don’t usually do. For example, viruses don’t often create pop-up dialogue boxes for the user. This would be considered a negative heuristic, or a stopper.

Other heuristics can be computed which aren’t based on scanning:
• The difference between an executable’s entry point and its end of file can be computed. Too small a value, when compared to the same value for typical uninfected executables, may point to an appender.
• Spectral analysis of the code may be done, computing a histogram of the bytes or instructions used in the code. Encrypted code will have a different spectral signature from unencrypted code.

2 Analysis.
As hinted at by the terms “booster” and “stopper,” analysis of static heuristic data may be as simple as weighting each heuristic’s value and summing the results. If the sum passes some threshold, then the input is deemed to be infected.

Static heuristics may be viewed as a way to reduce the resource requirements of anti-virus scanners. Full virus signatures in a virus database can be distilled down to a set of short, generic, static heuristic signatures.

An antivirus scanner can look for these short signatures, loading in their associated set of full virus signatures only if a match is found. This alleviates the need to keep full signatures in memory.

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Scanning an entire file for viruses is slow, and resulting on the computer performance itself. So how to solve it, because we do know scanning is also important things to do. It is referred to using the derogative term grunt scanning. There are four general approaches to improving scanner performance:

Reduce amount scanned. Scanning an entire file is not only slow, but increases the likelihood of false positives, as a signature may be erroneously found in the wrong place. Instead, scanning can be targeted to specific locations based on assumptions about viral behavior.
• Assuming that viruses add themselves to the beginning or the end of an executable file, searches can be limited to those areas. This is called top and tail scanning.
• More complicated executable formats allow an executable’s entry point to be specified. Scanning can be restricted to the program’s entry point and instructions reachable from that entry point.
• If the exact positions of all virus signatures are known, then scanning can be specifically directed to those areas. The assumption here is that all viruses are known, along with their behavior in terms of file location. This is in contrast to the more generic assumptions about virus locations made above. In conjunction with the entry point scanning above, this
is referred to dis fixed point scanning.
• Many viruses are small. The amount scanned in any location can be set according to the size of common viruses. For example, if most viruses are less than 8K in size, then the scanner may only examine 8K areas at the beginning and end of the executable.

Use of scanning-reduction techniques implies that the scanner will no longer see the complete input. The input to a scanning algorithm doesn’t have to be a faithful representation of a file’s contents, however. The algorithms work equally well on an abridged view of the input.
Of the performance-enhancing approaches, reducing the amount scanned is the only approach that directly affects the potential correctness of the result.

Another way to increase or maximize the performance of your computer and in the same time doing precaution is with desktop software monitoring, the software able to track down the software usage.

The browser war results in newer, better features that you can implement on your Web sites. The blistering pace of development leads to regular updates and bug fixes in browsers, as well as timely changes in the user interface, brought about by consumer comments. If you’ve spent much time surfing the Web, you’ve probably seen excellent uses for advanced HTML capabilities, such as tables, frames, and forms. The features allow users to view information in columns or cells, navigate sites using toolbars, and give and receive feedback.

You’ve probably also seen cool implementation of Java and animation such as pop up information when someone mouses over an image, the calculation of mortgage loans, and interactive games presented in Shockwave or Flash from Macromedia. Used in moderation, such advances can add much to the user’s Web experience.

As the software companies continue to try and outdo each other, both in market share and in the standardization process, end users often benefit. But this is not the case for every user, especially not for those who do not keep up with the latest software. That said, I’ll take a look at the challenges provided by the browser war.

The main challenge for the Web designer is designing a Web site that works for different browsers. To this end, the designer should keep several items in mind:
1. The latest official World Wide Web Consortium HTML standards, including HTML 4.01, XHTML 1, and CSS2.
2. Which features are supported by which browsers—not only the two main browsers but also the other browsers such as Opera, NeoPlanet, Lynx, WebTV, and wireless devices.
3. Which features are supported by which versions of the browsers. An early version of a browser does not support all of the features supported by the latest version.
4. Which types of browsers your audience will be using. If you are going to have a general interest or commercial Web site freely available to the public, you can expect all kinds of browsers. If you are designing a site that will only be available to people in your company, all of whom use Netscape Navigator 4.5 for Windows, you might be able to get away with a bit more.
5. Font design. Depending on how you choose to design your site, your audience can have the choice of which fonts and font sizes they use to view your site.
6. Image-free viewing. The audience may choose to come to your site with images turned off.
7. Whether the feature that requires certain browser capabilities is really worth the trouble. That is, whether the feature adds enough value to the site to justify locking out users whose browsers do not support it.
8. Whether another way supported by more browsers exists to achieve a desired result. (You may not always come up with an alternate method, but it is good practice to try.)
9. The likely speed of the connection your viewers will use. I haven’t discussed speed, but it helps to know if many of your users are connecting via a 56Kbps modem (which is likely if your Web site is publicly accessible) or via a T1 connection (which may be the case over a closed, corporate intranet).

Although it may seem daunting, staying on top of these issues helps you make informed decisions for your design. Once you start considering these factors, it becomes second nature.

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1. For more of technical people, shopping cart software is a set of scripting instructions that monitors and records each item that a user selects to buy until he/she checks out. In simpler terms, it helps users shop on a website with convenience.
2. Although it does play a part in the financial transactions, it is not completely involved into it. Shopping cart software plays the front end role to gather payment details from the user and eventually send it to the payment gateway via a secure connection layer. The payment gateway is a different service completely.
3. Shopping carts play a pivotal role in recording the user selected products, prize calculation, shipping charges calculation, and discount calculation. Also, as an owner you are also provided with an admin panel wherein you can change the preferences and features of the cart. In other words, you can control the way the users can use your cart.
4. There are numerous shopping cart applications available in the market. Although the availability is good, but too many choices can sometimes be troublesome. With so many choices come both the good and bad choices. You must therefore be very careful while choosing your cart. It must be easy to use, bug free, and customizable.
5. There are also some free carts available in the market. However, nothing truly comes free in this world. Most of the free applications will have limited features or may not be best of the products. You may do well with a free product initially, but what later. Also, it is not a good idea to change your application as it can be distracting for the users. It is like changing the location of your shop.
It is, therefore, more logical to opt for a premium cart application which provides most of the desired features. Also, you would get the newer releases of the same application to cope up with what is latest in the market. There are many good premium shopping carts available on the internet, so see what you think.
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The list below offers tips on what you should do:
• Have real users test your software product. You may think you have created an easy-to-use intuitive piece of software, yet in the end it is not you who decides this. If you plan on selling software online successfully, you need to have real people test it to see how quick they understand how it works and learn how to use it. Not to mention their help in squashing the bugs you might have never noticed on your own, thus making your product as error free as possible.
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• Provide an accurate description of the software product. You need a clear and short description of what the software is and what it is used for, so that people can see whether they need it or not. Additional details should be provided somewhere else for those who really wish to know more.
• Make screen shots available. They say a picture makes a thousand words, so screen shots are a very helpful tool when selling software online. The screen shots tell the users if the software product has a well designed interface and let them get a good look at the menu bars and toolbars, for instance, which helps them quickly assess whether the required functionality is there.
• Use a try before you buy approach. Don’t just say your software is easy to use. If your software product is as easy to use as you say it is, then why not let people see that for themselves? Offer them the option to download of a copy of your software and try it before asking them to pay for it.
• Specify supported OS-es and licensing type. A list of supported operating systems is as necessary when selling software online as when selling it in a box in a traditional store. It has to be put in an easy to spot place for potential customers to find out at a glance whether the product will work on their computers or not. Adding other system requirements would be a good idea, too. Do specify the type of licensing for your software product (i.e. freeware, shareware etc).
• Include a help file and support details. Your software product has to have some documentation explaining users how to use it, be it in form of a help file or an online manual either included with the product or that can be downloaded separately. People also need to know where to reach you in case they need support, so do not forget to include such details (an e-mail address, and maybe a phone number, too).

Letting people see the product (by screen shots) and try it before they buy, providing help files with your software and support when necessary, properly testing it with real users to make sure it is easy to use are the things that you should have on your to-do list if you plan on selling software online and be successful at it.

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