The era before the introduction of computer software are classified into two eras, namely:
1. Primitive era (± 300 BC) on which the software is made by performing simple instructions by using code similar motion semaphore.
2. Mechanical Era (1840-1930’s) that apply to the use of equipment and machinery Analytical Engine punch cards.

While the era after the introduction of computer software which means using electronic technology, is divided into pioneer era, the era of stable, micro era, and the modern era.

Pioneer Era (1940-1960) is still a form of software-cable connection to the connection between the computer and the form of punch cards (plong). Another characteristic of the pioneers of this era is still using a clustered process (batch), limited distribution, and manufactured for special purposes.

Stable Era (1960-1980) has been mass-produced computers and software can perform some functions of the control group (multitasking). Another feature that can be used to solve many users (multiuser) quickly and directly (real time), software products can be used separately, have been using the system database.

Micro Era (1980-1990) produced software for your computer needs a network (networking) and dispersed (distributed), it’s cheap so widely used for personal needs (home), is automation for artificial intelligence (artificial intelligent).

Modern Era (1990 -now) Has the characteristics of multimedia-based software, desktop and portable, object technology, expert systems, parallel processing, and can communicate with a global network.

The era of software evolution also being used in industrial and real estate business such as real estate in Bulgaria, it really very handy when we do realize technology could maximize our profit with less consume of times.

Of course the world itself have changed, and its also causing different development of technology. And as we all know technology these days are more familiar with computer as its basic power and brain. At the first development computer was use as scientific investigation, but lately its used as military advanced technology during world war II.

Before we go deep with the history lets classified computer by its type.
1. Manual equipment
This might be the most simple equipment using computer as its basis, why because data processing are using man power directly.

2. Mechanical equipment
which are mechanical equipment that being used by people and generated manually by people them self.

3. Mechanical Electronic
This would be more advance technology which using mechanical equipment that generated automatically by electronic or motor.

4. Electronic Equipment.
This equipment fully control and generated by electronic and using electric as its power.

Before the usage of computer some manual counting equipment such as abacus, numerical wheel calculator, and mechanical calculator being use for daily operation those days.

Then after 1940, the rise of technology began to strike the earth, starting from ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator), EDVAC Computer (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), EDSAC COMPUTER ( Electonic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator). This first generation are pretty big of course it could be seen from the size and the usage of vacuum tube.

Influence from the first generation, transistor are being use to change the usage of vacuum tube, in these second generation, IBM name are became popular for its invention call LARC. Programming language as software development are quite popular during these year, such as COBOL, and FORTRAN.

The next generation of course the simplify transistor into smaller component, which is call as integrated circuit (IC). Here computer size are much more smaller. At these generation operating system also introduced.

As you could guest the fourth generation is the advanced of the latest. Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) being introduced to replace IC, it could store numbers of IC into one simple device or also famous as microprocessor.

These history of computer technology are a good thesis statement example, its a material that would last, and of course looking at its impact on human life and its purposes.

And now as we all could see the size of computer have evolved into smaller device with high speed connection and accessibility. Lets hope these technology would evolving for better tomorrow.

Based on the history as well some traffic infection by worms already occurs long time ago, As examples, Christma Exec and Morris worms are quite popular back then. Lets have a look more further about it.

On December 1987, the worm “Christma Exec” became the first worm whom capable spread its existing using e-mails as its medium between the IBM mainframe computer. This worm also an example of the use of social engineering, meaning its spread wide with taking other user to execute the worm when displaying images under the pretext of a Christmas tree.

These type or worm producing images of Christmas trees on the monitor screen (drawn using a script language called REXX), but the worm also sends copies of itself by using the user name to any name on the list of e-mail addresses, so that the recipient believes that its an important mail that being sent by other user and make them willing to open it.

The next old worms is Morris (November 1988), the Morris worm are famous succeeded in crippling 6,000 computers within a few hours. The worm was created by a Cornell student, Robert Jr. Marris. Then there was an investigation, until finally sentenced Morris in 1990.

The conclusion obtained is motivation in writing the worm is unknown, and worms are not programmed to intentionally do vandalism, but the damage caused due to accidents and programming errors.

This traffic volume growth and its impact on worms spread would make good Essay Topics, its number of effect and cause are interesting thing to dig and good one for an essay material.

Single point
The classic paradigm of the introduction of a worm is to use a single point of origin, such as a single Internet system. This host is set up to launch the worm and infect a number of child nodes, carrying the worm with it. These new nodes then begin the next round of target identification and compromise.

The trick is to find a well-connected and reasonably poorly monitored host. To achieve the maximum introduction from a single point, this node will have to infect several new hosts, which are also capable of a wide area of infection. This will be crucial in establishing the initial presence of the worm when it is most vulnerable, existing on only a few nodes.

An obvious weakness in this scenario is that the worm may be identified back to its source and ultimately its author. By combining a number of factors, including usage patterns of the source host or network, with the code base, investigators can sometimes establish the identity of the author of the malicious software.

One variation of this theme is to introduce the malicious software at a single point but use an accepted distribution mechanism to gain entry to the Internet. This includes a Trojan horse software package or a malicious file in a peer-to-peer network. While only a single point of entry for the software is used, it is then introduced to several computers which can then launch the worm onto multiple networks.

For the attacker, however, this is the easiest avenue of introducing a worm. It involves the fewest resources and, if the worm takes hold of the network early and establishes itself quickly, gives the quickest path to a stable infection.

The object and subject of worms and its behavior of attack are quite tickling and very interesting for writing an essay based on it. Why? because its just never ends, as long as computer technology still developing and increase, the materials and discussion just won’t end. For some people you might need to buy essays, cause its more practical and they just give you good essay with correct grammar.

This type of attack can be achieved in two major ways. In the first, the worm network is introduced and immediately begins its assault on the target network. In doing this, the worm can maximize its assault before the target network’s defenses are raised. However, the relatively small number of sources can make it easy to filter based on the source location.

In the second, the worm begins its attack only after some period of activity. This may include a widespread infection over the period of a few days, allowing it to exploit the trust of certain source networks now compromised. Alternatively, the worms may turn on the target network after a predefined number of iterations. In either scenario, the wide number of sources can overwhelm the target network and find a vulnerable host as a method of entry.

By choosing this method, an attacker can cause concentrated damage against the target network, including the release of sensitive documents and the disruption of network services. Such a worm would no doubt be useful in scenarios of corporate or military espionage, a campaign of terrorism against a corporation or a government, or the introduction of malicious software or information. While these attacks are possible with the other spread mechanisms described here, this gives an attacker a focused effort, which would be useful in overwhelming an enemy’s defenses.

This method of choosing targets has several disadvantages. First, unless an introduction of the worm is done at widespread points, it would be easy to selectively filter the sources based on the attack type and location. Because of this, a worm that turns on a target after some period of random spreading would be preferred. This method introduces a second disadvantage, however. By spreading to other networks, researchers would be able to identify the worm and develop countermeasures, making them available to the target network.

Secure the network is way to prevent it for worms attack, another way you could usenetwork inventory tool to store all information of computer, and network machine that connected to your network.

The amount of attention spent on each network block can vary depending on the worm implementation. Typically, these boundaries fall on classfull network boundaries, such as /24, /16, /8, and, of course, /0. While this does not match many of today’s classless networks (which are subnetted on nonoctet boundaries), it does work well for the average case.

Obviously the balance between the various networks has to be tuned to achieve significant penetration of the local network and enough randomness to “hop” to other networks. This is usually achieved by strongly biasing local network scanning of about 50%, with about 25% or less random hopping.

Code Red II was the first widespread worm to utilize this spread mechanism. Code Red II hit hosts /8 with a 50% probability, a 37.5% chance it would scan in its /16, and a 12.5% chance it would scan a totally random network. For Nimda, this distribution was 50% in the same /16, 25% in the same /8, and 25% in a random network. Each of these worms achieved both significant penetration into well-controlled networks, even using NAT or other RFC 1918 addressing schemes. They persisted on the Internet for as long as 8 months after their original release date.

One major disadvantage for the attackers, and a boon to those who protect networks, is that the local bias of the worm means that it is typically easier to isolate and stop. These hosts typically show themselves on their local networks (assuming a /16 or larger network), meaning the network managers can take steps to isolate and remove the affected machines.

Making sure the safety of the network is important thing to do in order to avoid worms attack. Instead of that, user should be able to check out the review of the application before installing. All operating system, both in computer of gadgets should be check, because worms could attack any of it. Check out android localization, if you have android os and want some secure application to download.

1. Predicted traffic patterns
Because they resemble living systems in some fashion, it is possible to model the growth and reproduction of network worms. Their growth patterns are governed by the rate of infection and the number of vulnerable hosts at any given point. Similarly, their traffic patterns, in their scans and attacks, are determined by the number of active worms at any time and the amount of traffic per node.

The worm network actively seeks new hosts to attack and add to the collection nodes in the network. As it finds hosts and attacks them, the worm network grows exponentially. This growth pattern mimics patterns seen for communities occurring naturally, such as bacteria and weeds. Worm infections can grow in an exponential pattern, rapidly at first and then slowing as a plateau value is reached.

Similar to the growth rate of the worm network, the traffic seen for the reconnaissance and attack activities by the worm networks is also sigmoidal in nature. It is typically multiples of the number of active and infected hosts on the network, taking into account that each host will scan a large portion of the network space and repeat this scan. For hosts that repeat this scan indefinitely, this traffic grows at a rate that is much faster than the spread of the worm.

In computer lessons, your educator usually give you similar high school essay to solve, above are quite good material to discuss on your team.
Next pattern, we’ll discuss about Disruption in Internet backbone activities, find it out more in next article.